Immune checkpoint blockade has shown its usefulness by the impressive survival benefits seen in phase III trials with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) and anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) therapy in [113, 114], non-small cell lung cancer [115, 116], and renal cell carcinoma [117]. The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.