BRAF and infection: Based on these results, we speculate that CsLysoPLA infiltrates blood capillaries broken following mechanical damage and chemical injury induced by the adult worm and its excretory/secretory products, then activates HSCs by upregulating IL-25 in macrophages through the PKA-dependent B-Raf/ERK1/2 pathway, thus promoting hepatic fibrosis during infection (Fig. 4).