TGFβ can regulate the expression of MKP2, which in turn attenuates ERK.28 Moreover, oncogenic KrasG12D along with TGFβ pathway inactivation has been associated with increased expression of epiregulin and ERBB1.27 Recently, it has been reported that Tgfbr2 loss increases Ras/MAPK/ERK activation in primary keratinocytes leading to squamous cell carcinoma formation.39 Although our data support the model that TGFβ signalling restrains pERK levels, the mechanism by which this is achieved requires further investigation. This evidence concerns the gene EIF2AK3 and squamous cell carcinoma.