SMAD3 and cancer: Many genes, such as Bcl-xl, kRAS, COX, iNOS, APC, Smad3, STAT3, Ptgs2, Tnfrsf6, p16, Mlh1, Runx3, Dapk, and β-catenin are mutated in stages of carcinogenesis of the UC-associated cancer [42,43,44,45,46,47].