While infection with F. novicida lacking pdpC or pdpD resulted in significantly reduced levels of inflammasome activation, only the deletion of both pdpC and pdpD completely abrogated cell death induction and cytokine production in infected macrophages, which was consistent with the reduced levels of cytosolic localization and type I IFN induction in macrophages infected with mutants lacking both proteins (Fig. 6b; Supplementary Fig. 5c). This evidence concerns the gene PDP1 and infection.