CSF2 and neoplasm: With respect to induction of adaptive immunity, we suggest the following mechanism: the danger signals provided by allogeneic HLAs and adjuvants BCG and GM-CSF would force attraction of Ag-presenting cells (DCs and macrophages) to the vaccination site, where they would phagocyte tumor Ags (26) and present them in an adequate HLA setting to naïve lymphocytes, either in situ or upon migration to draining lymph nodes (45, 46).