HCRT and hippocampal atrophy: PTZ induces seizures resulting in the hippocampal atrophy, learning and memory deficits and decrease of cerebrospinal fluid-level of orexin-A (Coppola et al., 2010), while the intracerebroventricular injection of orexin-A in PTZ-kindled rats tend to attenuate these impairments, enhancing neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (Zhao et al., 2014).