Recent study also showed that T2DM patients with GLP-1 analogues or DPP4 inhibitors treatment had a significant smaller portion of plaque area occupied by macrophages and T-cells compared with the patients who never used GLP-1 analogues or DPP4 inhibitors, and the difference was closely associated with adiponectin and adaptor protein PH domain and leucine zipper containing 1 (APPL1) which can be induced by GLP-1 in ex vivo cell culture system [92]. The gene discussed is DPP4; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.