PDK1 and cancer: Since the inactivation of the PDC is tightly associated with the Warburg effect, several recent studies have demonstrated that PDK1 plays a major role in the metabolism of cancer cells [4, 5]; not only are the expression and activity of PDK1 strongly regulated by oncogenes [6], but PDK1 is universally overexpressed in a variety of cancer cells, such as ovarian cancer, multiple myeloma, and breast cancer [1, 7–10].