INS and diabetes mellitus: Finally, based on the composite findings of several studies using the ANS-1 markers in 3 continents by detecting (a) insulin resistance and correlating with OGTT and (b) microcirculatory disorders, symptoms of peripheral neuropathy, cardiac autonomic neuropathy, and CAD [12–16], the ANS-1 system has great value in screening for pre-diabetes and in the early detection of diabetes, when treatment options are available and may delay or reverse the disease and its complications.