Despite these limitations, studies of bronchiectasis in children from various environments consistently show neutrophilic inflammation of the airways (11–13) as well as elevated levels of associated proinflammatory cytokines (IL-8, TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6) (11, 14–16) and anti-microbial compounds (IP-10 and LL-37) (16), consistent with an inflammatory response to bacterial assault. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and bronchiectasis.