In prostate cancer cells, for example, EP4 inhibition prevented TGF-ß signaling through the PI3K/Akt pathway38, whereas PI3K/Akt39, 40, ERK40 and p38 MAPK41 have each been implicated in TGF-ß1-induced epithelial mesenchymal transition. This evidence concerns the gene PTGER4 and prostate carcinoma.