As shown in the univariate analysis, laboratory parameters associated with non-survivors of severe HFMD included LDH (OR = 8.34, 95%CI: 3.18–21.90), CK (OR = 7.73, 95%CI: 3.27–18.30), CK-MB (OR = 5.00, 95%CI: 1.99–12.57), Mb (OR = 10.97, 95%CI: 4.58–26.26), PCT (OR = 6.15, 95%CI: 2.64–14.33), Glu (OR = 18.56, 95%CI: 7.31–47.15), WBC (OR = 17.22, 95%CI: 7.06–42.01), LAC (OR = 42.63, 95%CI: 16.02–113.47), 1300 pg/mL ≤ NT-proBNP ≤ 10000 pg/mL (OR = 49.42, 95%CI: 14.55–167.85), and NT-proBNP > 10000 pg/mL (OR = 140.85, 95%CI: 32.31–614.02) (Tables 3 and 4). Here, NPPB is linked to hand, foot and mouth disease.