In the PD-L1 neutralization tumor experiments, the three groups “wild-type anti-PD-L1”, “Cblb−/− IgG”, and “ Cblb−/− anti-PD-L1” exhibited virtually identical benefits in terms of tumor growth and survival rates compared to the “wild-type IgG” control group (Figure 3A & 4A), possibly reflecting an involvement of Cbl-b in the PD-1 signaling pathway. This evidence concerns the gene CBLB and neoplasm.