To test this hypothesis, we used immunocytochemistry to measure the amount of GAD65/67-immunoreactivity (ir) and AVP-ir in the SCN, and used in situ hybridization to quantify the expression of SCN GAD67-mRNA, which is the dominant GAD-mRNA type in the SCN (Gao and Moore 1996), from a series of human hypothalamic tissue samples from individuals with a long-term history of depression as well as from well-matched controls. The gene discussed is GAD1; the disease is depressive disorder.