Targets of miR-21-5p that have been implicated in epilepsy include RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST), which regulates gene expression after status epilepticus59, apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 (APAF-1) that contributes to caspase activation during SE60, and interleukin-1β and myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MYD88), both involved in inflammatory signalling in epilepsy61. Here, APAF1 is linked to epilepsy.