PGC and malaria: OAA can be produced in malaria parasites from (i) fumarate by consecutive reactions catalyzed by FH and MQO in the mitochondria of malaria parasites, as described above, or from (ii) phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP; common in plants and bacteria) by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) in the cytosol of the parasite.