CD4 and infectious disease: One prospectively examined immediate ART for all participants regardless of CD4 count [2], the other retrospectively investigated ART given to PLHIV with CD4 counts >500 cells/mm3 on an exception basis or as a part of the NCAIDS-sponsored “Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases” project launched in 2012, which consisted of a series of cluster-randomized controlled trials among key populations.