USP17L2 and Autoimmunity: The DUB3/USP17 subfamily of DUBs is conserved through species and has been implicated in regulation of cell fate and in diseases, such as autoimmunity and cancer.65, 66 USP17 regulates cell proliferation through modulation of Ras signaling, affecting the intracellular localization of Ras and other small GTPases.67, 68, 69 Furthermore, constitutive expression of USP17 blocks growth factor-dependent proliferation and initiates apoptosis,70 which may explain why our attempts to stably overexpress USP17 failed (data not shown).