Indeed, MMPs, including MMP-1, have a long history as targets for cancer therapeutics yet early clinical trials using MMP inhibitors were unsuccessful due, in part, to inadequate preclinical and clinical design, lack of drug specificity and high toxicity.76, 77 Recently FRA-1, an upstream regulator of MMP-1, has also emerged as a key driver of cancer progression; however, transcription factors are not readily druggable. The gene discussed is FOSL1; the disease is cancer.