However, more recent studies suggest that the presence of two risk alleles (termed G1 and G2) in the last exon of gene encoding apolipoprotein-L1 (APOL1), not variations within MYH9, are associated with 5–29 times higher odds of severe kidney disease, including non-diabetic ESRD, hypertension-related ESRD, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and HIV-related nephropathy [66,67,68,69]. Here, APOL1 is linked to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.