PDCD1 and neoplasm: While interventions aiming at improving the efficacy of IR by the combination T cell directed approaches (such as PD-1/PD-L1 blockades) and IR are growing in the clinic, there is mounting evidence that IR also primes and induces the activation of an adaptive antitumor immunity through the induction of ICD, the release of tumor antigen, the stimulation of inflammatory response, and the modulation of immune cell functions, which can facilitate and enhance immunotherapy effects and potentially reduce immunotherapy-related adverse events (Figure 2).