ATM and central nervous system cancer: Although in some cases, the induction of autophagy via ATM-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-UNC-51-like kinase (ULK1) pathways was described to confer cytoprotective effect in Temozolomide-treated glioma cells (29), the regulation of autophagy through ATM-AMPK- tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2)–mediated suppression of mTORC1 by reactive nitrogen species lead to the loss of cell viability in breast cancer cells (30).