VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: A population-based cohort study with 377 participants which combined vWF, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, thrombomodulin, and E-selectin to create an overall index of endothelial dysfunction reported an inverse association between these endothelial dysfunction markers and information processing speed/attention and executive functioning (43), corresponding to DSST and Stroop Test in our study.