The accumulation of CD28− T cells, mainly CD8 T cells and to a lesser degree CD4 T cells, was initially regarded as an age-related change (so called immunosenescence)37; however, recent studies have demonstrated that age-inappropriate expansion of CD4+CD28− T cells also occurs in patients with autoimmune disorders and in patients at risk for inflammatory vascular complications. This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and Autoimmunity.