Various kinds of cellular insults (e.g. hypoxia, reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress, etc.)that have been linked to glaucoma [43–45] are known to affect the Erk1/2 pathway.[46] Moreover, surgical methods for glaucoma treatment like trabeculectomies are thought to aid in normalization of TM tissue by stimulating secretion of TNFα and restoring TM extracellular matrix through the Erk1/2 pathway.[35] Erk1/2 has also been shown to be directly upregulated as a cellular response to increased IOP[46] in a rabbit[47] and a rat model[48] of elevated IOP. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and glaucoma.