More interestingly, aside from the well-known cytoplasmic distribution (Galat and Metcalfe, 1995), CypA was also detected in mitochondria and its expression level was upregulated both in mitochondria and cytoplasm against SeV infection (Figure 5F), a finding confirmed by an immunofluorescence assay in 293T/CypA+ cells (Figure 5I), suggesting that CypA plays important roles in response to virus infection both in mitochondria and cytoplasm. The gene discussed is PPIA; the disease is viral infectious disease.