Similarly, polymorphisms in the osteopontin gene have also been identified as an important genetic modifier of disease severity in DMD [29], whilst polymorphisms in TGF-β receptor 2 are strong predictors of osteopontin mRNA levels, highlighting a link between osteopontin, inflammation, and TGF-β signalling in DMD [30]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to Duchenne muscular dystrophy.