INS and diabetes mellitus: Similar to a previous study [21], the co-existence of diabetes and the G allele of HSPD1 rs2605039 might increase the hsp60 level high enough to make the host’s anti-apoptotic effect, inflammatory and insulin resistant states more apparent while the co-existence of diabetes and the T allele might keep hsp60 at a certain low level to exert a pro-apoptosis effect.