As mentioned above, mitochondrial dysfunction is likely to play a major role in impaired glucose-stimulated insulin release from T2D beta cells; this is accompanied by changes in the morphology of these organelles, that look round-shaped rather than elongated, with alterations in cristae appearance, reduced electron density and augmented overall volume (Figures 2D,E; Anello et al., 2005). This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus.