Finally, insulin release from T2D beta cells has been reported to show alterations of the pulsed pattern (Lin et al., 2002), and it is associated with the release of four- to five-fold higher proportions of proinsulin, indicating less efficient conversion of proinsulin to insulin (Cavaghan and Polonsky, 2005; Henquin, 2005; Marchetti and Ferrannini, 2015). Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.