On top of all this, a more general defect contributing to defective insulin secretion in T2D beta cells could be the reduced expression of molecules involved in insulin granule exocytosis, such as those of the SNARE complex and SNARE-modulating proteins (syntaxin-1A, SNAP-25, VAMP-2, Munc 18, Munc 13-1, and synaptophysin; Ostenson et al., 2006). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.