More recent work with 7 ND and 6 T2D islet preparations pointed to the occurrence of changes in genes of the ubiquitin–proteasome system (Bugliani et al., 2013), with however several additional alterations in genes and pathways affecting many islet cell structures and functions, from glucose metabolism and insulin granule exocytosis to oxidative stress and cell turn-over. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.