In the years since, preclinical studies have shown that Lm-LLO-E7 is able to stimulate the expression of a wide range of pro-inflammatory cytokines by dendritic cells, such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IFN-γ, as well as promote dendritic cell maturation, activate CD4+ T-cell–mediated adaptive immune responses, induce tumor antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, break immunologic tolerance, maintain protective immunity, and block tumor reoccurrence [29, 30]. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.