aIV iron treatment includes iron sucrose, ferumoxytol, and sodium ferric gluconate; bESA treatment includes epoetin-α, epoetin-β and methoxy polyethylene glycol, and darbepoetin-α; BMI = body mass index; ESA = erythropoiesis stimulating agent; ESRD = end stage renal disease; IV = intravenous; SO = sucroferric oxyhydroxide. Here, EPO is linked to chronic kidney disease.