PRAL and diabetes mellitus: In the study conducted by Fagherazzi et al. (2014) [12], which included a total of 66,485 women (mean age: 50 years) from the E3N-EP1C cohort, it was found that high PRAL and NEAP values were associated with a higher risk of diabetes mellitus, independently of a family history of diabetes and carbohydrate intake [12].