TNF and atherosclerosis: To identify regulatory factors that instruct gene expression responses to inflammatory environments of atherosclerosis, we exposed HAECs to three pro-inflammatory treatments: (i) the oxidized products of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (oxPAPC) that are components of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) (Lee et al., 2012; Romanoski et al., 2011), (ii) tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) that is a cytokine secreted largely by macrophages, and (iii) interleukin one beta (IL1β) that is released by many cell types including macrophages.