A recent study by Alvarez-Rojas and colleagues39 exploring the livers of F. hepatica infected sheep highlighted the transcriptomic changes observed within the liver eight weeks post infection, including several upregulated genes linked to fibrosis (tgf-β related genes, calponin, transgelins and osteopontin) and markers of a T-cell response (BCL6, CD86, IL1R2, IL18BP, IL27RA, TGFβ and TNF). Here, TNF is linked to infection.