In the placebo-controlled, double-blind VEGF in Ischemia for Vascular Angiogenesis (VIVA) trial [2], the administration of recombinant human VEGF via intracoronary and intravenous infusions to patients with stable exertional angina showed no difference when compared with the administration of a placebo for improvements in myocardial perfusion and primary end points. The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is ischemia.