PARK7 and Parkinson disease: Additionally, it has been shown that mutation in the DJ-1 gene is a PD risk factor: a study by Shi et al. has shown that DJ-1 deficiency activates glycolysis in muscle by inducing a Warburg-like metabolic reprogramming [56]; while another recent study showed that loss of DJ-1 function disrupts mitochondrial function, whereas DJ-1 activity represses glycolysis [57].