Unlike in OSCC, the average levels of iPANDA values for AKT/mTOR and other survival and mitogenic pathways, such as ERK, JNK, RAS/MAPK, p38, PAK, integrin/ILK and TGFβ signaling, were substantially lower in most leukoplakia samples when compared to the normal cohort (Figure 1b, Supplementary Table 8). This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and Oral leukoplakia.