TGFB1 and leukoplakia: Unlike in OSCC, the average levels of iPANDA values for AKT/mTOR and other survival and mitogenic pathways, such as ERK, JNK, RAS/MAPK, p38, PAK, integrin/ILK and TGFβ signaling, were substantially lower in most leukoplakia samples when compared to the normal cohort (Figure 1b, Supplementary Table 8).