Additionally, SCFA inhibit NF-κB activation in lamina propia macrophages that reduced inflammation that is associated with ulcerative colitis (Lührs et al., 2002) and can also regulate AMPK (Canfora et al., 2015) by activating the UCP2-AMPK-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) pathway (den Besten et al., 2015) as well as the GPR43 protein, which play a protective role in the inflammatory activation and signaling. The gene discussed is FFAR2; the disease is ulcerative colitis.