Consistent with the role of inflammation in the development of AF, drugs that have anti-inflammatory effect such as glucocorticoids, statins, poly-unsaturated fatty acid, colchicine, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor inhibitors can reduce the risk of AF, and some have been used to prevent and even treat postoperative AF12–15. Here, ACE is linked to atrial fibrillation.