All these markers did not demonstrate any diagnostic value for both microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria cases, except for VCAM-1 which had sufficient diagnostic value for cases with macroalbuminuria which was in accordance with the findings of Clausen et al. among type 1 diabetic patients, wherein the plasma level of VCAM-1 was elevated only in patients with overt diabetic nephropathy, but not the microalbuminuria patients29. Here, VCAM1 is linked to diabetic kidney disease.