TNF and cancer: Increased production of T-helper (Th)-1 pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2), along with a reduction of T-regulatory and Th-2 cytokines (IL-10 and IL-4), was observed in HTLV-I-associated inflammatory diseases, due to Tax induced signaling abnormalities and persistent NF-κB1 activation of the infected CD4+ CD25+ CCR+ T-cells.13, 14 Interestingly, these common cytokines are also involved in the development of atherosclerosis15 and cancers.16