INS and cancer: For any cancer in women, we found an elevated risk for 0.5 year of insulin glargine use relative to human insulin (RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.03, 1.32); in men, there was a lower risk for 0.5–1 year (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.77, 1.00), 1–2 years (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.73, 0.95) and >6 years (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.48, 0.78) of exposure (Figs 1, 2 and ESM Table 1).