Only seven cytokines (IL-13, CXCL10, IL-12p40, IL-16, MIF, SCGFb, and CXCL12) were upregulated in early and late stages of HFRS and HPS, while levels of IL-12p75 and CXCL9 remained elevated only in late-stage HPS samples. This evidence concerns the gene IL13 and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.