Among these cytokines, 13 (IL-3, IL-4, IL-7, IL-12p40, IL-13, IL-16, CCL4, CXCL10, CXCL12, GMCSF, IFNγ, MIF, and SCGFb) were upregulated in the late stages of both HFRS and HPS. Here, CSF2 is linked to hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.