Furthermore, only 14 cytokines were upregulated in both HFRS and HPS cases at the early stage (IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-12p40, IL-12p75, IL-13, IL-16, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL12, MIF, SCGFb, and VEGF). Here, IL4 is linked to hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.