TGFB1 and cancer: Hypoxia as well as immunosuppressive factors such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, indoleamine 2,3-deoxygenase (IDO), prostaglandin E2, nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are produced by regulatory immune cells like regulatory T (Treg) cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, by stromal cells like cancer-associated fibroblasts, and by tumor cells themselves can inhibit expression of activating NK-cell receptors, disrupt the interactions between NK and other immune cells, and avert the contact of NK cells with tumor cells (17).