As recently demonstrated for ErbB2-specific NK-92/5.28.z carrying a CD28-CD3ζ CAR, such cells retain efficient CAR-mediated cell killing even under hypoxic conditions and in the presence of TGF-β concentrations exceeding the elevated TGF-β levels found in the plasma of cancer patients (69, 122). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is cancer.