Although a bunch of biomarkers such as pANCA, ASCA, lactoferrin, S100A12, granulocyte–macrophage colony stimulating factor, soluble CD14, and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein have contributed to our understanding of IBD pathogenesis, none is of sufficient effective to warrant clinical development as predictive biomarkers15. This evidence concerns the gene CD14 and irritable bowel syndrome.