VEGFA and Parkinson disease: A53T SNCA transgenic mice were used here as an in vivo PD model.32, 33 Interestingly, the upregulated expression of VEGF, NURR1 and autophagy markers LC3B, as well as decreased Ser129-phosphorylated SNCA and apoptosis marker cleaved CASP3 were observed in CYS C-treated A53T SNCA transgenic mice.