PTPRZ1 and neoplasm: To confirm that the antitumour effect of anti-PTPRZ1 antibody is exerted through blocking PTN–PTPRZ1 axis between GSC and TAMs, we constructed GBM xenografts co-implanted with GSCs (T4121) and MLCs, and administrated the tumour-bearing mice with anti-PTPRZ1 antibody (Supplementary Fig. 8a).