CD4 and kidney failure: Our analysis of clinical and experimental factors associated with BKPyV reactivation and viremia identified markers of increased immune suppression, such as the presence of diabetes mellitus or GN, conditions associated with immune dysfunction or immune dysregulation [42–45], as the cause of renal failure, and of immune senescence, such as lower proportions of CD4 T-cells and higher proportions of CD8 T-cells.