TP53 and cancer: For example, the tumour suppressor gene TP53 plays an important role in the multi-step carcinogenesis for both cancers, and TP53 mutations were found in 93% of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [20] and 57% of oral squamous cell carcinoma in Chinese patients, particularly those who had alcohol drinking, betel quid chewing or cigarette smoking [21].