We have also shown that MiSL can be used successfully in reverse, which is to identify predictive biomarkers (mutations and/or CNAs) for existing targeted therapies in specific tumour types (Fig. 4b,c), and experimentally validated a MiSL-identified predictive biomarker, PIK3CA mutation in breast cancer, for an existing targeted therapy, AKT1-inhibitor MK-2206 (Fig. 4d). The gene discussed is PIK3CA; the disease is breast cancer.